6.6. Controllare l'autenticità dei pacchetti

La sicurezza è molto importante per gli amministratori di Falcot Corp. Di conseguenza, devono garantire che vengano installati solo i pacchetti di cui è garantita la provenienza da Debian senza alcuna manomissione lungo il percorso. Un autore di attacchi informatici potrebbe tentare di aggiungere codice dannoso ad un pacchetto altrimenti legittimo. Tale pacchetto, se installato, potrebbe fare qualsiasi cosa per cui l'autore dell'attacco l'ha progettato, tra cui ad esempio scoprire password o informazioni riservate. Per ovviare a questo rischio, Debian fornisce un sigillo di garanzia a prova di manomissione per garantire, in fase di installazione, che un pacchetto venga veramente dal suo manutentore ufficiale e non sia stato modificato da terzi.

The seal works with a chain of cryptographic hashes and a signature and is explained in detail in apt-secure(8). Starting with Debian 10 Buster the signed file is the InRelease file, provided by the Debian mirrors. There is also a legacy file called Release. Both contain a list of the Packages files (including their compressed forms, Packages.gz and Packages.xz, and the incremental versions), along with their SHA256 hashes, which ensures that the files haven't been tampered with. These Packages files contain a list of the Debian packages available on the mirror, along with their hashes, which ensures in turn that the contents of the packages themselves haven't been altered either. The difference between InRelease and Release is that the former is cryptographically signed in-line, whereas the latter provides a detached signature in the form of the file Release.gpg.

APT needs a set of trusted GnuPG public keys to verify signatures in the InRelease and Release.gpg files available on the mirrors. It gets them from files in /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/ and from the /etc/apt/trusted.gpg keyring (managed by the apt-key command). The official Debian keys are provided and kept up-to-date by the debian-archive-keyring package which puts them in /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/:

# ls /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/
debian-archive-bullseye-automatic.gpg
debian-archive-bullseye-security-automatic.gpg
debian-archive-bullseye-stable.gpg
debian-archive-buster-automatic.gpg
debian-archive-buster-security-automatic.gpg
debian-archive-buster-stable.gpg
debian-archive-stretch-automatic.gpg
debian-archive-stretch-security-automatic.gpg
debian-archive-stretch-stable.gpg

IN PRATICA Aggiungere chiavi fidate

Quando si aggiunge una sorgente di pacchetti di terze parti al file sources.list, APT ha bisogno di venire istruiti a fidarsi della corrispondente chiave GPG (altrimenti continuerà a ricordare che non può garantire l'autenticità dei pacchetti provenienti da quel repository). Il primo passo è ovviamente ottenere la chiave pubblica. Spesso, la chiave viene fornita come un piccolo file di testo, che verrà chiamato nei prossimi esempi key.asc.

To add the key to APT's trusted keyring, the administrator can just put it in a *.gpg file in /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/ (*.asc files are discouraged and can cause problems). This is supported since Debian Stretch. With older releases, you had to run apt-key add < key.asc, which is considered obsolete already.

While this is very common behavior, it also creates a possible issue. APT does not know which key belongs to which repository. If one of the keys in APT's keyring matches the signature of an archive, APT considers the archive as authenticated. Once a key has been added to the trusted keyring, a malicious attacker could actually provide its own "version" of a Debian mirror signed by the same key. It might therefor actually be better to put the key as *.gpg file into /usr/share/keyrings/ and use the Signed-By field in sources.list for third party repositories as shown in the example below.

Imagine, that the Falcot Corp. runs their own public repository and you want to use it. They have signed it and provide a publicly available key(ring) as well to download. To restrict the key to the repository, you can simply do this:

$ sudo wget -O falcot-keyring.gpg -P /usr/share/keyrings https://packages.falcot.com/debian/repository.gpg

deb [ signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/falcot-keyring.gpg ] https://packages.falcot.com/debian bullseye main

Beware that adding and using third party repositories always poses a security and stability risk!

Once the appropriate keys are in the keyring, APT will check the signatures before any risky operation, so that frontends will display a warning if asked to install a package whose authenticity can't be ascertained.

Note, that binary packages are usually not signed. The integrity of a package can only be confirmed by checking its hashsums against a trusted (and possibly signed) hashsum source.

SPECIFIC CASE Unsigned repositories

While in general unsigned repositories shouldn't be used, some users might still require them, for example to provide some locally built packages. APT can be forced to accept such a repository by prepending the repository URL using allow-insecure=yes or trusted=yes. We will demonstrate it using the example from Sezione 15.3, «Creazione di un repository di pacchetti per APT»:

deb [ trusted=yes ] http://packages.falcot.com/ updates/
deb [ trusted=yes ] http://packages.falcot.com/ internal/